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Camera obscuras. --- Canaletto,

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Painting --- trompe-l'oeil --- camera obscuras --- Torrentius, Johannes

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Investigation of how early painters used simple cameras to capture realistic images--400 years before the invention of the photograph. Examines works by Jan Van Eyck, Vermeer, Holbein, Caravaggio and Velázquez. Demonstrates methods using camera lucida, camera obscura and convex mirrors.

Realism in art. --- Painting --- Camera obscuras. --- Camera lucidas. --- Painting, Renaissance --- Painting from photographs. --- Technique --- History. --- History.

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Painting --- painting techniques --- perspective [technique] --- camera lucidas --- camera obscuras --- Hockney, David

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The history of projected images at the turn of the seventeenth century reveals a changing perception of chance and order, contingency and form. In Projecting Spirits, Pasi Väliaho maps how the leading optical media of the period—the camera obscura and the magic lantern—developed in response to, and framed, the era's key intellectual dilemma of whether the world fell under God's providential care, or was subject to chance and open to speculating. As Väliaho shows, camera obscuras and magic lanterns were variously employed to give the world an intelligible and manageable design. Jesuit scholars embraced devices of projection as part of their pursuit of divine government, whilst the Royal Society fellows enlisted them in their quest for empirical knowledge as well as colonial expansion. Projections of light and shadow grew into critical metaphors in early responses to the turbulences of finance. In such instances, Väliaho argues, "projection" became an indispensable cognitive form to both assert providence, and to make sense of an economic reality that was gradually escaping from divine guidance. Drawing on a range of materials—philosophical, scientific and religious literature, visual arts, correspondence, poems, pamphlets, and illustrations—this provocative and inventive work expands our concept of the early media of projection, revealing how they spoke to early modern thinkers, and shaped a new, speculative concept of the world.

Camera obscuras --- Optical instruments --- Projectors --- History --- camera obscura. --- economy. --- finance. --- government. --- imagination. --- magic lantern. --- optical media. --- projection. --- providence. --- speculation.